P1+Shanice+A,+Blake+T,+and+Brandon+B

Shanice Allen
 * 1) Richard Wright

Richard Wright was one of the first African American writers that achieved literary fame and fortune. His early life living in Mississippi helped in the making of his two most famous works: //Native Son// and his autobiography //Black Boy//. Wright was born in Mississippi on Rucker’s Plantation. Wright graduated from ninth grade at Smith Robertson Junior High School as class valedictorian in 1925. He started high school but then dropped out to go work. He then left for Memphis when he was seventeen. He later married Ellen Poplar, a white woman and Communist party member. Richard Wright had two daughters by her. He died in November 1960 from amoebic dysentery.

"Richard Wright's Life." //Welcome to English//. Web. 10 Jan. 2010.

10. Marxism Shanice Allen

Marxism is the system of economic, social and political philosophy. It is based on the idea of class struggle is the way of society. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed the philosophy of Marxism in the nineteenth century. It is that all people are entitled to enjoy their labour but are prevented from in a capitalist economic system. It divides society into two classes, nonowning workers and nonworking owners. Marx called it alienation. He believed alienation would be overcome and there would be no more class divisions. The Marxist theory of history explains class struggle as history's driving force, and that capitalism is the most recent and most critical historical stage.

"Marxism: Definition from Answers.com." //Answers.com: Wiki Q&A combined with free // // online dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedias//. Web. 10 Jan. 2010.

11. Jean-Paul Sartre Shanice Allen

Jean-Paul Sartre was born in Paris in 1905. Satre was a French novelist, literary critic, playwright, and existentialism philosopher. He became professor of Philosophy at Le Harve in 1931. He also taught at the Lycée Pasteur in Paris. Sartre’s existentialism is was popular in the forties and also his theoretical writings. His first work was the novel //La Nausée//. Satre was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1964 for his literature, but he declined ii in protest of the bourgeois society. Sartre was considered after WW II the leading interpreter of the postwar generation's worldview. Satre died in the year of 1980.

"Jean-Paul Sartre - Biography." //Nobelprize.org//. Web. 10 Jan. 2010. "Jean-Paul Sartre." //Www.kirjasto.sci.fi//. Web. 10 Jan. 2010.


 * __Scottsboro Trials:__**



By Brandon Ballesteros

The Scottsboro Trials were about a gang of African Americans that were tried with allegedly raping two women. In the article “The First Scottsboro Trials” it says, “lies tied up with the whole problem of the denial of civil, social, and economic rights to the Negro in America” (Ransdall). The Scottsboro trials were about two women named Victoria Price, 21, and Ruby Bates, 17. They traveled to Chattanooga, Tennessee for jobs in a mill but found nothing. They eventually decided to return home and jumped onto a gondola where they met seven white boys. Then a gang of 12-15 African American boys got on with them. According to the girls, the African American boys through the white boys off the train and raped the girls. The boys were tried and eventually put in jail. Years later, through further investigation, the Scottsboro boys were found innocent and the girls were found out that they lied about the incident.

Ransdall, Hollace. //The First Scottsboro Trials.// American Civil Liberties Union, 1999. Web. 10 January, 2010


 * __Free Will:__**

By Brandon Ballesteros

Free Will is something that a manifold of people want, but many do not know that they already have. In the “Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy” it states, “Free Will’ a philosophical term of art for a particular sort of capacity of rational agents to choose a course of action from among various alternatives” (O’Connor). This definition, in essence, says that free will is basically being able to make a choice on something from many different options. Free Will is something to be perceived as a philosophy because there is still a lot of debate over the topic. Many times, the term or concept of free will has always seemed to be connected to a moral responsibility. In other words, free will is choices that one makes and one being responsible for one’s own actions. There are many philosophers that say freedom of will and freedom of action are two completely different things, therefore making free will something that refers to being able to make free choices rather than action. They say that it is all about being able to make the choice, whether or not the choice will be carried out.

//Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.// Stanford: The Metaphysics Research Lab, 2009. Print.


 * __Fatalism:__**

By Brandon Ballesteros

Fatalism is a philosophical term that is normally defined as having to do with fate and something being uncontrollable. In the //Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy// it says, “Fatalism is the view that we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do” (O’Connor). The encyclopedia basically explains that everything in life, except for our own actions, is something that cannot be controlled. In other words, everything that we cannot control is deemed as being fate or destiny. There is some argument over the term on how it is actually defined. Some say that it puts emphasis on the existence and nature of God. Others try to claim that the word appeals more to a casual determinism instead. When argued as appealing to God, it is referred to as Logical Fatalism and when argued as appealing to causal determinism it is referred to as Theoretical Fatalism.

//Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.// Stanford: The Metaphysics Research Lab, 2009. Print.


 * __Literary Neutralism:__**

By Brandon Ballesteros

The term Literary Naturalism has something that deals with writing and incorporating scientific principles. In the article “Naturalism in American Literature” it states, “... naturalistic writers believed that the laws behind the forces that govern human lives might be studied and understood” (Campbell). The article talks about how scientific principles that are put into literature. The article also talks about naturalist writers and how occasionally they use the scientific method in their writings. Naturalist writers also believe that the forces that preside over human lives could be studied and understood. It is something that the naturalists study in order to use it in their writings. They study things such as character. They also study things that affect character like the environment as well as other forces. This is how the naturalist writers are able to put in facts and scientific views about human nature.

Campbell, Donna. //Naturalism in American Literature.// Ohio University Press, 2008. Web. 10 January, 2010.


 * Jim Crow Laws**
 * By Blake T**
 * The Jim Crow Laws were a series of laws passed just after the civil war that were meant to keep African Americans from integrating into society on equal grounds. These laws separated churches, public buildings, buses, restaurants, hotels etc. These laws were primarily focused in the deep south and they were not changed until after the Civil Rights Movement. One of the most recognizable protest that helped spark the Civil Rights Movement was the Montgomery Bus Boycott that lasted 381 days.**


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 * Segregation**
 * By Blake T**
 * During the entire history of North America segragation between the races has existed in one form or another. It was not until the Civil War that slavery was banned in the US and it was not until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s that racial equality was finally obtained. The most well known segregation that existed here in the US was from after the Civil War to the end of the Civil Rights Movement where African American’s were segregated from society with separate bathrooms, public buildings etc. After the civil rights movement segregation was deemed unconstitutional and was banned in the US and racial integration and equality was finally won.**

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 * Harlem during the Great Depression**
 * By Blake T**
 * Harlem was always a center of attention in the African American community in the US through out the 20th century. It has been considered the Meca of the arts community and music groups like jazz. During the depression Harlem went through some very tough times and became a sort of slum for the longest time. After the depression the place began to recover and today it serves also as a political center for the community.**
 * New Deal programs that benefited whites over blacks
 * The New Deal was of course the name for a series of very complex programs initiated by the federal government. The program was intended to be even across the board and a few African Americans received prized jobs in the government and programs. Although many African Americans were still discriminated and did not receive the full support. Roosevelt did not even try to end segregation in the US even though it seems he is not racist.**